Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia
Europe & Central Asia: Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) was -2.4% in 2024. ◆ Volatile
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia, 1972–2024
Source: Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF). Measured in % of GDP.
Analysis
Europe & Central Asia recorded -2.4% for net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in 2024.
That represents a change of up 9.2% on the previous year and down 8.0% over ten years.
Over the whole period, net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia peaked at 0.9% in 1972 and was at its lowest, -6.8%, in 2020.
Europe & Central Asia ranks 6th of 26 groups on this measure, in the top quarter.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia, year by year
| Year | % of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1972 | 0.9% | — |
| 1973 | 0.4% | -56.2% |
| 1974 | -0.3% | -163.9% |
| 1975 | -2.4% | +811.4% |
| 1976 | -1.7% | -28.5% |
| 1977 | -1.6% | -7.6% |
| 1978 | -2.3% | +44.7% |
| 1979 | -2.6% | +12.5% |
| 1980 | -2.4% | -7.0% |
| 1981 | -2.2% | -6.8% |
| 1982 | -2.4% | +9.8% |
| 1983 | -2.5% | +4.6% |
| 1984 | -2.6% | +1.1% |
| 1985 | -2.3% | -11.3% |
| 1986 | -2.9% | +26.1% |
| 1987 | -2.9% | -0.2% |
| 1988 | -1.9% | -32.7% |
| 1989 | -1.5% | -20.9% |
| 1990 | -1.3% | -12.1% |
| 1991 | -2.2% | +65.6% |
| 1992 | -3.4% | +54.2% |
| 1993 | -4.8% | +39.4% |
| 1994 | -4.3% | -9.6% |
| 1995 | -4.1% | -5.0% |
| 1996 | -3.6% | -11.7% |
| 1997 | -2.1% | -41.6% |
| 1998 | -1.9% | -10.1% |
| 1999 | -0.6% | -66.9% |
| 2000 | 0.1% | -120.6% |
| 2001 | -0.2% | -265.0% |
| 2002 | -1.2% | +462.9% |
| 2003 | -2.1% | +73.5% |
| 2004 | -1.6% | -25.6% |
| 2005 | -0.8% | -46.3% |
| 2006 | -0.3% | -62.8% |
| 2007 | -0.0% | -87.9% |
| 2008 | -1.1% | +2953.8% |
| 2009 | -5.4% | +371.6% |
| 2010 | -4.1% | -23.9% |
| 2011 | -2.7% | -34.5% |
| 2012 | -3.0% | +10.6% |
| 2013 | -2.4% | -20.3% |
| 2014 | -2.2% | -5.8% |
| 2015 | -2.0% | -11.7% |
| 2016 | -1.6% | -17.1% |
| 2017 | -1.3% | -20.5% |
| 2018 | -0.5% | -61.3% |
| 2019 | -0.6% | +19.1% |
| 2020 | -6.8% | +1032.3% |
| 2021 | -4.3% | -37.5% |
| 2022 | -2.5% | -42.0% |
| 2023 | -2.7% | +8.3% |
| 2024 | -2.4% | -9.2% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970s | -1.2% | -2.6% | 0.9% | 8 |
| 1980s | -2.4% | -2.9% | -1.5% | 10 |
| 1990s | -2.9% | -4.8% | -0.6% | 10 |
| 2000s | -1.3% | -5.4% | 0.1% | 10 |
| 2010s | -2.0% | -4.1% | -0.5% | 10 |
| 2020s | -3.7% | -6.8% | -2.4% | 5 |
Countries ranked near Europe & Central Asia
- 3 Equatorial Guinea 11.5% compare
- 4 Lesotho 7.2% compare
- 5 Seychelles 7.2% compare
- 6 Macau, China 7.0% compare
- 7 Micronesia, Federated States of 6.9% compare
- 8 Tonga 5.3% compare
- 9 Marshall Islands 5.0% compare
More public sector data for Europe & Central Asia
- Arms imports 14.17 billion SIPRI trend indicator values (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per capita 15.26 SIPRI trend indicator values per person (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per unit of GDP 0.0005 SIPRI trend indicator values per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), annual growth rate 23.95 % change on previous year (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), gaps filled 14.17 billion SIPRI trend indicator values (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), per capita 774.37 current USD per person (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), per unit of GDP 0.0245 current USD per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), annual growth rate 19.52 % change on previous year (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), gaps filled 719.05 billion current USD (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per square kilometre 416.81 SIPRI trend indicator values per square kilometre (2023)
Frequently asked questions
- What is net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia?
- Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia was -2.4% in 2024, according to Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF).
- What is the highest net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) recorded in Europe & Central Asia?
- The highest recorded value was 0.9% in 1972.
- What is the lowest net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) recorded in Europe & Central Asia?
- The lowest recorded value was -6.8% in 2020.
- How does Europe & Central Asia rank for net lending (+) / net borrowing (-)?
- Europe & Central Asia ranks 6th out of 26 groups with data for 2024.
- Is net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) rising or falling in Europe & Central Asia?
- Over the last ten years it is down 8.0%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Europe & Central Asia data come from?
- The figures come from Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF), published as part of Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) equals government revenue minus expense, minus net investment in nonfinancial assets. It is also equal to the net result of transactions in financial assets and liabilities. Net lending/net borrowing is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy or abroad, or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors in the economy or from abroad. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.