Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) in High income
High income: Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) was -4.3% in 2024. ◆ Volatile
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in High income, 1972–2024
Source: Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF). Measured in % of GDP.
Analysis
In 2024, net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in High income stood at -4.3%.
Compared with earlier readings it is down 0.1% on the previous year and down 65.1% over ten years.
Over the whole period, net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in High income peaked at 1.3% in 2000 and was at its lowest, -9.8%, in 2020.
That places High income 13th out of 26 groups with data for 2024, putting it in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) in High income, year by year
| Year | % of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1972 | -0.4% | — |
| 1973 | -0.3% | -34.7% |
| 1974 | 0.0% | -105.0% |
| 1975 | -2.2% | -17500.8% |
| 1976 | -2.4% | +7.7% |
| 1977 | -1.5% | -39.5% |
| 1978 | -1.7% | +16.4% |
| 1979 | -1.3% | -24.2% |
| 1980 | -1.6% | +23.9% |
| 1981 | -1.4% | -9.7% |
| 1982 | -2.5% | +71.5% |
| 1983 | -3.6% | +44.3% |
| 1984 | -3.0% | -16.5% |
| 1985 | -2.9% | -4.2% |
| 1986 | -3.2% | +11.9% |
| 1987 | -2.6% | -18.1% |
| 1988 | -2.1% | -21.0% |
| 1989 | -1.7% | -17.5% |
| 1990 | -2.2% | +28.7% |
| 1991 | -3.8% | +73.0% |
| 1992 | -3.9% | +3.4% |
| 1993 | -3.8% | -2.3% |
| 1994 | -3.3% | -14.9% |
| 1995 | -2.9% | -12.5% |
| 1996 | -2.1% | -25.0% |
| 1997 | -0.7% | -67.1% |
| 1998 | -0.3% | -56.4% |
| 1999 | 0.4% | -227.6% |
| 2000 | 1.3% | +235.2% |
| 2001 | 0.1% | -93.7% |
| 2002 | -1.6% | -2058.5% |
| 2003 | -2.5% | +56.8% |
| 2004 | -2.2% | -14.4% |
| 2005 | -1.5% | -32.8% |
| 2006 | -0.8% | -48.3% |
| 2007 | -0.7% | -9.9% |
| 2008 | -2.5% | +263.6% |
| 2009 | -6.9% | +178.7% |
| 2010 | -6.1% | -12.0% |
| 2011 | -4.8% | -20.8% |
| 2012 | -4.2% | -11.5% |
| 2013 | -2.7% | -36.0% |
| 2014 | -2.6% | -4.1% |
| 2015 | -2.5% | -4.5% |
| 2016 | -2.5% | -0.2% |
| 2017 | -1.8% | -26.2% |
| 2018 | -2.1% | +15.1% |
| 2019 | -2.4% | +13.1% |
| 2020 | -9.8% | +311.2% |
| 2021 | -7.5% | -23.6% |
| 2022 | -2.9% | -60.7% |
| 2023 | -4.3% | +45.9% |
| 2024 | -4.3% | +0.1% |
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) in High income changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | -17500.8% | 0.0% | -2.2% |
| 2002 | -2058.5% | 0.1% | -1.6% |
| 2020 | -311.2% | -2.4% | -9.8% |
| 2008 | -263.6% | -0.7% | -2.5% |
| 2000 | +235.2% | 0.4% | 1.3% |
| 1999 | +227.6% | -0.3% | 0.4% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970s | -1.2% | -2.4% | 0.0% | 8 |
| 1980s | -2.5% | -3.6% | -1.4% | 10 |
| 1990s | -2.3% | -3.9% | 0.4% | 10 |
| 2000s | -1.7% | -6.9% | 1.3% | 10 |
| 2010s | -3.2% | -6.1% | -1.8% | 10 |
| 2020s | -5.8% | -9.8% | -2.9% | 5 |
Countries ranked near High income
More public sector data for High income
- Arms imports 20.57 billion SIPRI trend indicator values (2025)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per capita 12.4 SIPRI trend indicator values per person (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per unit of GDP 0.0002 SIPRI trend indicator values per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), annual growth rate 16.09 % change on previous year (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), gaps filled 17.59 billion SIPRI trend indicator values (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), per capita 1,385 current USD per person (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), per unit of GDP 0.0272 current USD per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), annual growth rate 12.96 % change on previous year (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), gaps filled 1.96 trillion current USD (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per square kilometre 292.64 SIPRI trend indicator values per square kilometre (2023)
Frequently asked questions
- What is net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in High income?
- Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in High income was -4.3% in 2024, according to Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF).
- What is the highest net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) recorded in High income?
- The highest recorded value was 1.3% in 2000.
- What is the lowest net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) recorded in High income?
- The lowest recorded value was -9.8% in 2020.
- How does High income rank for net lending (+) / net borrowing (-)?
- High income ranks 13th out of 26 groups with data for 2024.
- Is net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) rising or falling in High income?
- Over the last ten years it is down 65.1%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this High income data come from?
- The figures come from Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF), published as part of Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) equals government revenue minus expense, minus net investment in nonfinancial assets. It is also equal to the net result of transactions in financial assets and liabilities. Net lending/net borrowing is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy or abroad, or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors in the economy or from abroad. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.