Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income): Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) was -3.6% in 2024. ◆ Volatile
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income), 1997–2024
Source: Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF). Measured in % of GDP.
Analysis
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) recorded -3.6% for net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in 2024.
The figure is up 13.5% on the previous year and down 1,177.3% over ten years.
Over the whole period, net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) peaked at 1.1% in 2011 and was at its lowest, -4.9%, in 1998.
That places Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 11th out of 26 groups with data for 2024, putting it in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income), year by year
| Year | % of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1997 | -4.9% | — |
| 1998 | -4.9% | +0.8% |
| 2008 | -0.5% | -90.0% |
| 2009 | -4.2% | +750.4% |
| 2010 | -1.2% | -70.4% |
| 2011 | 1.1% | -189.3% |
| 2012 | 0.8% | -29.2% |
| 2013 | 0.6% | -21.3% |
| 2014 | 0.3% | -45.0% |
| 2015 | -0.3% | -178.2% |
| 2016 | -0.9% | +256.4% |
| 2017 | -1.8% | +95.5% |
| 2018 | -0.6% | -66.0% |
| 2019 | -2.2% | +254.7% |
| 2020 | -4.7% | +112.1% |
| 2021 | -1.9% | -58.7% |
| 2022 | -2.8% | +46.5% |
| 2023 | -4.2% | +47.6% |
| 2024 | -3.6% | -13.5% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990s | -4.9% | -4.9% | -4.9% | 2 |
| 2000s | -2.3% | -4.2% | -0.5% | 2 |
| 2010s | -0.4% | -2.2% | 1.1% | 10 |
| 2020s | -3.5% | -4.7% | -1.9% | 5 |
Countries ranked near Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)
More public sector data for Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)
- Arms imports 6.55 billion SIPRI trend indicator values (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per capita 26.15 SIPRI trend indicator values per person (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per unit of GDP 0.0027 SIPRI trend indicator values per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), annual growth rate 13.15 % change on previous year (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), gaps filled 6.55 billion SIPRI trend indicator values (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), per capita 410.43 current USD per person (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), per unit of GDP 0.0419 current USD per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), annual growth rate 6.61 % change on previous year (2024)
- Military expenditure (current USD), gaps filled 102.77 billion current USD (2024)
- Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), per square kilometre 979.77 SIPRI trend indicator values per square kilometre (2023)
All data for Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) →
Frequently asked questions
- What is net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)?
- Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) was -3.6% in 2024, according to Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF).
- What is the highest net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) recorded in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)?
- The highest recorded value was 1.1% in 2011.
- What is the lowest net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) recorded in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)?
- The lowest recorded value was -4.9% in 1998.
- How does Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) rank for net lending (+) / net borrowing (-)?
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) ranks 11th out of 26 groups with data for 2024.
- Is net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) rising or falling in Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)?
- Over the last ten years it is down 1,177.3%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) data come from?
- The figures come from Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF), published as part of Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) equals government revenue minus expense, minus net investment in nonfinancial assets. It is also equal to the net result of transactions in financial assets and liabilities. Net lending/net borrowing is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy or abroad, or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors in the economy or from abroad. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.